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Jim Mattis
former United States Secretary of Defense and former United States Marine Corps general
26th United States Secretary of Defense
Commander of the United States Central Command
Commander of the United States Joint Forces Command
Supreme Allied Commander Transformation
James Norman Mattis (born September 8, 1950) is an American veteran and former government official who served as the 26th United States Secretary of Defense from January 2017 through December 2018. He resigned over policy differences with President Donald Trump. A retired United States Marine Corps general, Mattis served in the Persian Gulf War, War in Afghanistan, and the Iraq War.
Mattis commissioned in the Marine Corps through the Naval Reserve Officers' Training Corps after graduating from Central Washington University. A career Marine, he gained a reputation among his peers for "intellectualism," and eventually advanced to the rank of general. From 2007 to 2010, he commanded the United States Joint Forces Command and concurrently served as NATO's Supreme Allied Commander Transformation. He was Commander of United States Central Command from 2010 to 2013. After retiring from the military, he served in several private sector roles, including as a board member of Theranos.1
Mattis was nominated as Secretary of Defense by President-elect Trump, and confirmed by the Senate on January 20, 2017. He needed a waiver from Congress to allow his nomination to be considered, as he had only been separated from the military for three years and U.S. federal law requires at least seven years of retirement for former military personnel to be appointed Secretary of Defense.2 As Secretary of Defense, Mattis affirmed the United States' commitment to defending longtime ally South Korea in the wake of the 2017 North Korea crisis.34 An opponent of proposed collaboration with China and Russia,5 Mattis stressed what he saw as their "threat to the American-led world order".67 Mattis occasionally voiced his disagreement with certain Trump administration policies, opposing the proposed withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal8 and budget cuts that hamper the ability to monitor the impacts of climate change.910
Early life
Mattis was born on September 8, 1950, in Pullman, Washington.11 He is the son of Lucille (Proulx) Mattis (born 1922)12 and John West Mattis (1915–1988),1314 a merchant mariner. His mother immigrated to the United States from Canada as an infant and had worked in Army Intelligence in South Africa during the Second World War.15 Mattis's father moved to Richland, Washington, to work at a plant supplying fissile material to the Manhattan Project.16 Mattis was raised in a bookish household that did not own a television.17 He graduated from Richland High School in 1968.1819 He earned a B.A. degree in history from Central Washington University in 1971.202122 He earned an M.A. degree in international security affairs from the National War College of National Defense University in 1994.23
Military career
Mattis enlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve in 1969.24 He was commissioned a second lieutenant through the Naval Reserve Officers' Training Corps on January 1, 1972.25 During his service years, Mattis was considered an "intellectual" among the upper ranks.26 Robert H. Scales, a retired United States Army major general, described him as "... one of the most urbane and polished men I have known."
As a lieutenant, Mattis was assigned as a rifle and weapons platoon commander in the 3rd Marine Division. As a captain, he was assigned as the Naval Academy Preparatory School's Battalion Officer, commanded rifle and weapons companies in the 1st Marine Regiment, then served at Recruiting Station Portland, Oregon, as a major.27
Mattis is a graduate of the U.S. Marine Corps Amphibious Warfare School, U.S. Marine Corps Command and Staff College, and the National War College. He is noted for his interest in the study of military history and world history,2829 with a personal library that once included over 7,000 volumes,30 and a penchant for publishing required reading lists for Marines under his command.3132 He required his Marines to be well-read in the culture and history of regions where they were deployed, and had his Marines deploying to Iraq undergo "cultural sensitivity training".33
Persian Gulf War
Upon promotion to the rank of lieutenant colonel, Mattis commanded 1st Battalion, 7th Marines, one of Task Force Ripper's assault battalions during the Persian Gulf War.34
War in Afghanistan
As a colonel, Mattis commanded the 7th Marine Regiment. He led the 1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade as its commanding officer upon promotion to brigadier general.35 It was as a regimental commander that he earned his nickname and call sign, "CHAOS", an acronym for "Colonel Has Another Outstanding Solution", which was initially somewhat tongue-in-cheek.36
During the initial planning for the War in Afghanistan, Mattis led Task Force 58 in operations in the southern part of the country beginning in November 2001,37 becoming the first Marine Corps officer to command a Naval Task Force in combat.38 According to Mattis, his objective upon arriving in Afghanistan was "make sure that the enemy didn't feel like they had any safe haven, to destroy their sense of security in southern Afghanistan, to isolate Kandahar from its lines of communication, and to move against Kandahar."39 In December 2001, an airstrike carried out by a B-52 bomber inadvertently targeted a position held by U.S. special operations troops and Afghan militiamen in Urozgan Province. Numerous men were wounded in the incident, but Mattis repeatedly refused to dispatch helicopters from the nearby Camp Rhino to recover them, citing operational safety concerns. Instead an Air Force helicopter flew from Uzbekistan to ferry the men to the Marine Corps base where helicopters sat readily available but unauthorized to fly. Captain Jason Amerine blamed the delay caused by Mattis's refusal to order a rescue operation for the deaths of several men. Amerine wrote, "Every element in Afghanistan tried to help us except the closest friendly unit, commanded by Mattis," though he also wrote that "none of that was assessed properly because the [5th Special Forces Group] chose not to call for a formal investigation".4041 This episode was used against Mattis when he was nominated for Defense Secretary in 2016.42
While serving in Afghanistan as a brigadier general, Mattis was known as an officer who engaged his men with "real leadership." He also was quoted as saying "be polite, be courteous, and have a plan to kill everyone you meet."43 A young Marine officer, Nathaniel Fick, said he witnessed Mattis in a fighting hole talking with a sergeant and lance corporal: "No one would have questioned Mattis if he'd slept eight hours each night in a private room, to be woken each morning by an aide who ironed his uniforms and heated his MREs. But there he was, in the middle of a freezing night, out on the lines with his Marines."44
Iraq War
As a major general, Mattis commanded the 1st Marine Division during the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the Iraq War.45
Mattis played key roles in combat operations in Fallujah, including negotiation with the insurgent command inside the city during Operation Vigilant Resolve in April 2004, as well as participation in planning of the subsequent Operation Phantom Fury in November.46
In May 2004, Mattis ordered the 3:00 a.m. bombing of a suspected enemy safe house near the Syrian border, which later came to be known as the Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre and resulted in the deaths of 42 civilians, including 11 women and 14 children. Mattis said it had taken him 30 seconds to decide whether to bomb the location. Describing the wedding as implausible, he said, "How many people go to the middle of the desert to hold a wedding 80 mi from the nearest civilization? These were more than two dozen military-age males. Let's not be naive."47 The Associated Press obtained video footage appearing to show a wedding party, but the occurrence of a wedding was disputed by military officials.48
Following a Department of Defense survey that showed only 55% of U.S. soldiers and 40% of Marines would report a colleague for abusing civilians, Mattis told Marines in May 2007 that "whenever you show anger or disgust toward civilians, it's a victory for al-Qaeda and other insurgents." Believing that a need for restraint in war is key to defeating an insurgency, he added: "every time you wave at an Iraqi civilian, al-Qaeda rolls over in its grave."49
Mattis popularized the 1st Marine Division's motto "no better friend, no worse enemy", a paraphrase of the epitaph the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla wrote for himself,50 in his open letter to all men within the division for their return to Iraq. This phrase later became widely publicized during the investigation into the conduct of Lieutenant Ilario Pantano, a platoon commander serving under Mattis.5152535455
As his division prepared to ship out, Mattis called in "experts on the Middle East" for "cultural sensitivity training". He constantly toured the battlefield to tell stories of Marines who were able to show "discretion in moments of high pressure". As an apparent example, he encouraged his Marines to grow moustaches to look more like the people they were working with.56
He also was noted for a willingness to remove senior leaders under his command at a time when the U.S. military seemed unable or unwilling to relieve underperforming or incompetent officers. During the division's push to Baghdad, Mattis relieved Colonel Joe D. Dowdy, commander of Regimental Combat Team-1. It was such a rare occurrence in the modern military that it made the front page of newspapers. Despite this, Mattis declined to comment on the matter publicly other than to say that the practice of officer relief remains alive, or at least "we are doing it in the Marines."57 Later interviews of Dowdy's officers and men revealed that "the colonel was doomed partly by an age-old wartime tension: Men versus mission—in which he favored his men", while Mattis insisted on execution of the mission to seize Baghdad swiftly.58
Combat Development Command
After being promoted to lieutenant general, Mattis took command of Marine Corps Combat Development Command. On February 1, 2005, speaking at a forum in San Diego, he said "You go into Afghanistan, you got guys who slap women around for five years because they didn't wear a veil. You know, guys like that ain't got no manhood left anyway. So it's a hell of a lot of fun to shoot them. Actually, it's a lot of fun to fight. You know, it's a hell of a hoot. It's fun to shoot some people. I'll be right upfront with you, I like brawling." Mattis's remarks sparked controversy; General Michael Hagee, Commandant of the Marine Corps, issued a statement suggesting Mattis should have chosen his words more carefully but would not be disciplined.59
U.S. Joint Forces Command
The Pentagon announced on May 31, 2006, Mattis had been chosen to take command of I Marine Expeditionary Force, based out of Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton.60 On September 11, 2007, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced that President George W. Bush had nominated Mattis for appointment to the rank of general to command U.S. Joint Forces Command in Norfolk, Virginia. NATO agreed to appoint Mattis as Supreme Allied Commander Transformation. On September 28, 2007, the United States Senate confirmed Mattis's nomination, and he relinquished command of I MEF on November 5, 2007, to Lieutenant General Samuel Helland.61
Mattis was promoted to four-star general and took control of JFCOM/SACT on November 9, 2007. He transferred the job of SACT to General Stéphane Abrial of France on September 9, 2009, but continued in command of JFCOM.62
U.S. Central Command
In early 2010, Mattis was reported to be on the list of generals being considered to replace James T. Conway as the Commandant of the U.S. Marine Corps.63 In July, he was recommended by Defense Secretary Robert Gates for nomination to replace David Petraeus as commander of United States Central Command (CENTCOM),6465 and formally nominated by President Obama on July 21.66 Mattis had planned to retire before the appointment.67
His confirmation by the Senate marked the first time Marines had held billets as commander and deputy commander of a unified combatant command.68 He took command at a ceremony at MacDill Air Force Base on August 11.697071
As head of Central Command, Mattis oversaw the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and was responsible for a region that includes Syria, Iran, and Yemen.72 He lobbied the Obama administration for a more aggressive response to Iran, including more covert operations and disruption of Iranian arms shipments to Syria and Yemen.73 According to Leon Panetta, the Obama administration did not place much trust in Mattis because he was perceived as too eager for a military confrontation with Iran.74 Panetta later said Mattis lacked "the maturity to look at all of the options that a president should look at in order to make the right decisions".75
Mattis announced his retirement from the Marine Corps in April 2012, effective in a matter of months.76 Eight months later, the Defense Department nominated General Lloyd Austin to succeed Mattis, who retired in March 2013.777879
Civilian career
Since retirement from the military, Mattis has worked for FWA Consultants and also served as a member of the General Dynamics Board of Directors.80 In August 2013, he became an Annenberg Distinguished Visiting Fellow at the Hoover Institution81 and has since been named as their Davies Family Distinguished Visiting Fellow.82
In December 2015, Mattis joined the advisory board83 of Spirit of America, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that provides assistance to support the safety and success of American service personnel and the local people they seek to help.
He is co-editor of the book Warriors & Citizens: American Views of Our Military, published in August 2016.84
Theranos
From 2013 through January 2017, Mattis was a board member of Theranos, a health technology company known for its false claims to have devised revolutionary blood tests using very small amounts of blood.85868788 Previously, in mid-2012, a Department of Defense official evaluating Theranos's blood-testing technology for the military initiated a formal inquiry with the Food and Drug Administration about the company's intent to distribute its tests without FDA clearance. In August 2012, Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes asked Mattis, who had expressed interest in testing Theranos's technology in combat areas, to help. Within hours, Mattis forwarded his email exchange with Holmes to military officials, asking "how do we overcome this new obstacle". In July 2013, the Department of Defense gave Mattis permission to join Theranos's board provided he did not represent Theranos with regard to the blood-testing device and its potential acquisition by the Departments of the Navy or Defense.89
Secretary of Defense (2017–2019)
Nomination and confirmation
Then-President-elect Donald Trump met with Mattis for a little over one hour in Bedminster, New Jersey, on November 20, 2016.90 He later wrote on Twitter, "General James 'Mad Dog' Mattis, who is being considered for Secretary of Defense, was very impressive yesterday. A true General's General!"91 On December 1, 2016, Trump announced at a rally in Cincinnati that he would nominate Mattis for United States Secretary of Defense.92
As Mattis retired from the military in 2013, his nomination required a waiver of the National Security Act of 1947, which requires a seven-year waiting period before retired military personnel can assume the role of Secretary of Defense.93 Mattis was the second Secretary of Defense to receive such a waiver, following George Marshall.94 The waiver for Mattis passed 81–17 in the Senate, and 268–151 in the House. Mattis was subsequently confirmed as Secretary of Defense by a vote of 98–1 in the United States Senate on January 20, 2017.95 Senator Kirsten Gillibrand was the sole "no" vote,96 stating that she was opposed to the waiver on principle.97
Tenure
In a January 2017 phone call with Saudi Arabia's deputy crown prince Mohammed bin Salman, Mattis "reaffirmed the importance of the U.S.–Saudi Arabia strategic relationship".98
For his first official trip abroad, Mattis began a two-day visit with longtime U.S. ally South Korea on February 2, 2017.99 He warned North Korea that "any attack on the United States, or our allies, will be defeated", and any use of nuclear weapons would be met with an "effective and overwhelming" response from the United States.100 During a press conference in London on March 31, 2017, with his UK counterpart Secretary of State for Defence Michael Fallon, Mattis said North Korea was behaving "in a very reckless manner" and must be stopped.101 During a Pentagon news conference on May 26, Mattis reported the U.S. was working with the UN, China, Japan, and South Korea to avoid "a military solution" with North Korea.102 On June 3, Mattis said the United States regarded North Korea as "clear and present danger" during a speech at the international security conference in Singapore.103 In a June 12 written statement to the House Armed Services Committee, Mattis said North Korea was the "most urgent and dangerous threat to peace and security".104 On June 15, Mattis said the U.S. would win a war against North Korea, but "at great cost".105
On March 22, 2017, during questioning from the U.S. Senate, Mattis affirmed his support for U.S. troops remaining in Iraq after the Battle of Mosul was concluded.106 Mattis responded to critics who suggested the Trump administration had loosened the rules of engagement for the U.S. military in Iraq after U.S.-led coalition airstrikes in Mosul killed civilians,107 saying, "We go out of our way to always do everything humanly possible to reduce the loss of life or injury among innocent people."108 According to Airwars, the U.S.-led coalition killed as many as 6,000 civilians in Iraq and Syria in 2017.109
On April 5, 2017, Mattis called the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack "a heinous act," and said it would be treated accordingly.110 On April 10, Mattis warned the Syrian government against using chemical weapons again.111 The following day, Mattis gave his first Pentagon news conference since becoming Secretary of Defense, saying ISIS's defeat remained "our priority," and the Syrian government would pay a "very, very stiff price" for further usage of chemical weapons.112 On April 21, Mattis said Syria still had chemical weapons and was in violation of United Nations Security Council resolutions.113 According to investigative journalist Bob Woodward, Trump ordered Mattis to assassinate Assad, but Mattis refused.114 On May 8, Mattis told reporters details of the proposed Syrian safe zones were "all in process right now" and the United States was involved with configuring them.115
Mattis voiced support for a Saudi Arabian-led military campaign against Yemen's Shiite rebels.116 He asked Trump to remove restrictions on U.S. military support for Saudi Arabia.117
On April 20, 2017, one week after the Nangarhar airstrike, Mattis told reporters that the U.S. would not conduct a damage assessment "in terms of the number of people killed" in Afghanistan.118 Mattis traveled to Afghanistan days later and met with government officials, explaining that the purpose of the trip was to allow him to state his recommendations for U.S. strategy in the country.119 On June 13, Mattis said U.S. forces were "not winning" in Afghanistan and the administration would develop a new strategy by "mid-July" while speaking to the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services.120 On June 27, Mattis told reporters that he was creating a conflict-ending strategy for Afghanistan that would also "remove the danger to the Afghan people and to us and to all the nations that have been attacked by terrorist groups out of that region".121 On June 29, Mattis said the Obama administration "may have pulled our troops out too rapidly" and that he intended to submit a new Afghanistan strategy to Trump upon his return to Washington, D.C.122
The United States has been openly arming the Syrian Kurdish fighters in the war against ISIS since May 2017.123 Following the start of the Turkish invasion of northern Syria aimed at ousting U.S.-backed Syrian Kurds from the enclave of Afrin, Mattis said in January 2018: "Turkey is a NATO ally. It's the only NATO country with an active insurgency inside its borders. And Turkey has legitimate security concerns."124 Turkish Deputy Prime Minister Bekir Bozdağ urged the United States to halt its support for Kurdish YPG fighters, saying: "Those who support the terrorist organization will become a target in this battle."125
Resignation letter from Secretary James MattisIn November 2018, the CIA assessed with "high confidence" that Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman ordered the assassination of Washington Post columnist Jamal Khashoggi.126 Under mounting pressure from lawmakers who wanted action against Saudi Arabia, Mattis and Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, in a rare closed briefing of the Senate, disputed the CIA's conclusion and declared there was no direct evidence linking the Crown Prince to Khashoggi's assassination.127
On December 19, 2018, Trump announced immediate U.S. withdrawal from Syria, over the objections of his national security advisers.128 Mattis had recently said that the U.S. would remain in Syria following the defeat of ISIS to ensure they did not regroup. The next day, he submitted his resignation after failing to persuade Trump to reconsider.129130 His resignation letter contained language that appeared to criticize Trump's worldview—praising NATO, which Trump has often derided, and the 79-nation Defeat-ISIS coalition that Trump had just decided to abandon. Mattis also affirmed the need for "treating allies with respect and also being clear-eyed about both malign actors and strategic competitors," and remaining "resolute and unambiguous" against authoritarian states such as China and Russia. He wrote that Trump has "the right to have a Secretary of Defense whose views are better aligned with [his] on these and other subjects."131132 His resignation triggered alarm among historical allies.133 Mattis's letter said his resignation would be effective February 28, 2019.134 Three days later Trump moved Mattis's departure date up to January 1, after becoming angered by the implicit criticism of Trump's worldview in the resignation letter.135 On January 2, 2019, Trump criticized Mattis's performance as Secretary of Defense and said he had "essentially fired him."136
Political views
Israeli–Palestinian peace process
Mattis supports a two-state solution model for Israeli–Palestinian peace. He has said the situation in Israel is "unsustainable" and that Israeli settlements harm prospects for peace and could lead to an apartheid-like situation in the West Bank.137 In particular, he has said that the perception of biased American support for Israel has made it difficult for moderate Arabs to show support for the United States. Mattis strongly supported Secretary of State John Kerry on the Middle East peace process, praising Kerry for being "wisely focused like a laser beam" on a two-state solution.138
Iran and Middle Eastern allies
Mattis believes Iran is the principal threat to the stability of the Middle East, ahead of Al-Qaeda and ISIS. Mattis says: "I consider ISIS nothing more than an excuse for Iran to continue its mischief. Iran is not an enemy of ISIS. They have a lot to gain from the turmoil in the region that ISIS creates." Mattis sees the Iran nuclear deal as a poor agreement, but believes there is now no way to tear it up, saying: "We are just going to have to recognize that we have an imperfect arms control agreement. Second, that what we achieved is a nuclear pause, not a nuclear halt". Mattis argues that inspections may fail to prevent Iran from seeking to develop nuclear weapons, but that "[i]f nothing else at least we will have better targeting data if it comes to a fight in the future."139 Additionally, he criticized Obama for being "naive" about Iranian intentions and Congress for being "pretty much absent" on the nuclear deal.140
Mattis praises the friendship of regional US allies such as Jordan, Israel, and the United Arab Emirates.141142143 He also criticized Obama for seeing allies as "free-loading", saying: "For a sitting U.S. President to see our allies as freeloaders is nuts."144 He has cited the importance of the United Arab Emirates and Jordan as countries that wanted to help, for example, in filling in the gaps in Afghanistan. He criticized Obama's defense strategy as giving "the perception we're pulling back" from US allies.145 He stresses the need for the US to bolster its ties with allied intelligence agencies, particularly those of Jordan, Egypt and Saudi Arabia.146 In 2012, Mattis argued for providing weapons to Syrian rebels as a way to fight back against Iranian proxies in Syria.147
The departure of several of Mattis's senior deputies in the fall of 2018 caused concern in foreign policy circles.148 Many senior officials served only because of Mattis and fought political battles with the White House regularly.149 One of the most serious areas of concern has been the potential for war with Iran because of the Trump Administration's withdrawal from the JCPOA at the same time the U.S. military is redeploying forces from the Middle East to the Pacific to better compete with China and contain North Korea.150
Japan
Mattis visited Japan one week after being sworn in as Secretary of Defense. During a meeting with Prime Minister Shinzō Abe, Mattis emphasized that the United States remains committed to the mutual defense of Japan and stated, "I want there to be no misunderstanding during the transition in Washington that we stand firmly, 100 percent, shoulder to shoulder with you and the Japanese people."151
Mattis reassured Japan that the U.S. would defend the disputed Senkaku Islands controlled by Japan but also claimed by China and Taiwan.152
Russia
Speaking at a conference sponsored by The Heritage Foundation in Washington in 2015, Mattis said he believed that Russian President Vladimir Putin's intent is "to break NATO apart."153 Mattis has also spoken out against what he perceives as Russia's expansionist or bellicose policies in Syria, Ukraine and the Baltic states.154 In 2017, Mattis said that the world order is "under biggest attacks since World War Two, from Russia, terrorist groups, and China's actions in the South China Sea."155
On February 16, 2017, Mattis said the United States was not currently prepared to collaborate with Russia on military matters, including future anti-ISIS U.S. operations.156 In August 2017, he said: "Despite Russia's denials, we know they are seeking to redraw international borders by force, undermining the sovereign and free nations of Europe".157
China
Mattis called for freedom of navigation in the South China Sea and criticized China's island-building activities, saying: "The bottom line is [...] the international waters are international waters."158
Climate change
See also: Ben Carson presidential campaign, 2016
In 2017, Mattis said that budget cuts would hamper the ability to monitor the impact of climate change,159 and noted, "climate change is a challenge that requires a broader, whole-of-government response."160
Personal life
Mattis has never been married161 and has no children.162 He proposed to a woman, but she called off the wedding days before it was to occur, not wanting to burden his career.163 He is nicknamed "The Warrior Monk" because of his bachelorhood and lifelong devotion to the study of war.164
Mattis is a Catholic, and has been described as "devout"165 and "committed."166 During the 2003 Iraq invasion, he often prayed with general John F. Kelly on Sundays.167 The Trump transition team's formal biography of Mattis described him as "the living embodiment of the Marine Corps motto, Semper Fidelis."168 He has shown restraint when asked by reporters to discuss his faith in public.169 In a 2003 PBS interview, Mattis recalled how his Marines followed advice from his chaplain on gaining the support of Iraqi citizens: "On the suggestion of my Catholic chaplain the Marines would take chilled drinking water in bottles and walk out amongst the protesters and hand it out. It is just hard to throw a rock at somebody who has given you a cold drink of water and it's 120 degrees outside."170
Military awards
Mattis's decorations, awards, and badges include, among others:
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Civilian awards
Mattis's civilian awards include:
- 2009 – Center for National Policy's Edmund S. Muskie Distinguished Public Service Award173
- 2010 – Atlantic Council's Distinguished Military Leadership Award174
- 2013 – World Affairs Council of Greater Hampton Roads "Ryan C. Crocker Global Citizen of the Year" Award175
- 2014 – Marine Corps University Foundation Semper Fidelis Award176
- 2014 – Washington College honorary doctor of laws degree177
- 2016 – Washington Policy Center Champion of Freedom Award recipient178
In popular culture
- Mattis is portrayed by Robert John Burke in the 2008 HBO miniseries Generation Kill, depicting the events of the 2003 invasion of Iraq.179
- Mattis is also known for the internet meme depicting him as "Saint Mattis of Quantico, Patron Saint of Chaos."180
- Mattis is commonly 'reported on' by the military satire website Duffel Blog for potentially being fired, winning an 'arms race' with Russia, and crossing the Potomac to launch a Roman-style coup d'état.181
See also
References
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Works cited
- Reynolds, Nicholas E. (2005). Basrah, Baghdad and Beyond: The U.S. Marine Corps in the Second Iraq War. p. 5. Naval Institute Press. ISBN: 1-59114-717-4
External links
- Quotes from James Mattis on All Views by Quotes
- James Mattis Sworn in As US Secretary of Defense
- Department of Defense biography
- Official Marine Corps biography
- Full transcript: Defense Secretary James Mattis' interview with The Islander, June 2017. LINK
- Appearances on C-SPAN